Failure of the USB port is rare, but from those debugging steps it, that's what it looks like to me, and I don't have anything else to try.
You cannot set up by UART. Theoretically you could set up by BLE, but not having a working USB port will make the device very difficult to use, and it's unlikely that reinstalling software would make the problem go away.
Quick update - I borrowed my friends micro-usb to usb cable and everything worked, the device registered just fine. Doesn't make sense to me, but I can see the photon 2 in /dev/tty* and dmesg, and configure using the cloud tools and VSCode apps.
If anyone else is having trouble, it could just be the usb cable you are using!