@freddyroosevelt, now I have rewired my own breadboard to use exactly your jumper wires colors, to make things match when providing a pic of my working setup.
And in the course of doing so I realized, that I swapped around the SPI pins. I don’t know how often I read over that very part of my own post and even after @peekay123 has given you the correct pin numbers, I didn’t realize my error.
I got myself fooled by this part of the original library and took D0, D1 as the OLED pin names and matched them with the Particle SPI pins MOSI (A5) and CLK (A3)
// If using software SPI (the default case):
#define OLED_MOSI D0
#define OLED_CLK D1
Sorry for that 
So the correct and tested pinout should look like this
So what I actually should have given you is
// use hardware SPI
// OLED_D0 -> A3 (SPI CLK)
// OLED_D1 -> A5 (SPI MOSI)
#define OLED_DC D3
#define OLED_CS D4
#define OLED_RESET D5
(I have corrected all the above quotations accordingly)
Sorry again 