From your log it appears that the sgp.begin() fails here
if (featureset != SGP30_FEATURESET)
return false;
The library expects a value of 0x0020 exactly but your sensor returns 0x0022 which would indicate “better” featureset than what’s required.
The latest versino of the original Adafruit library does the check this way if ((featureset & 0xF0) != SGP30_FEATURESET)
I filed a pull request for that change.
However, it’s not certain this will be reuploaded/republished anytime soon, so it’s probably best for you to pull in the library sources and add these changes yourself.